For those who fail to take action and put in place a will before they die, the automatic rules of inheritance will apply, potentially with some unexpected results in terms of which family relations will stand to receive an inheritance.

In England and Wales, the position for the surviving spouse has improved since 1 February 2009, with an increase in the statutory legacy figures. This should not be seen as a justification for not writing a will, since the ideal outcome is still that a client controls who inherits their estate, when and how. Good estate planning nearly always starts with an up-to-date will.

The key message for clients is that dying without a will could undermine the position of the surviving spouse/civil partner, result in higher legal fees to administer the estate, and generate potential and unnecessary inheritance tax (IHT) as a result of the spouse exemption not applying to the full estate. Does your client really want this outcome for his family?

The new statutory legacy

The increase in the statutory legacy figures in England and Wales is a welcome improvement from the 1993 position, which had been unchanged for many years. The Ministry of Justice consulted on this area with the result that more of a person’s estate would be inherited automatically by a surviving spouse or civil partner.

If the deceased is only survived by a spouse/civil partner and there are no children, the statutory legacy figure for that surviving spouse/civil partner is now that they will automatically receive the first £450,000 of estate (up from £200,000). If there are children, the statutory legacy figure for the spouse is now £250,000 (up from £125,000). If the deceased left an estate worth more than those figures, there is then a priority list in terms of who inherits the excess. A few case studies illustrate the details.

Case study one

David was married to Helen and he died without a will. There are no children. David’s estate was worth £350,000 and is inherited in full by Helen.

Case study two

This time, David’s estate is worth £600,000 and he dies without a will. David is survived by Helen and also David’s parents. Helen inherits £450,000 as the statutory legacy as well as one-half of the balance (£75,000). The remaining one-half share of the balance (£75,000) goes to David’s parents. A will could have ensured that the full estate was inherited by Helen.

Case study three

David and Helen have twins aged 10. David dies without a will leaving an estate worth £500,000. Helen’s statutory legacy is £250,000. Helen also receives a life interest in one-half of the balance (£125,000) which means she is entitled to the income from those assets. On her death these assets pass to the twins. The remaining £125,000 belongs to the twins but is effectively held in a statutory trust for them and can only be accessed by them once they are aged 18. A will could have ensured that the full estate was inherited by Helen and then passed to the children only on her death. It could also have ensured that any funds passing to the children were held in a full trust, with access at age 25 or 30, for example, or even held in a fully discretionary trust with no fixed ages for payment.

Another issue here is that, without a will, some of the nil rate band has been used on David’s death in relation to the £125,000 which belongs to the twins. This means that on Helen’s death, there is a lower nil rate band transferred to her estate. If instead, David had left a will leaving Helen the full estate, on her death her estate would have benefited from a double nil rate band, potentially saving IHT.

Reasons to have a will

Some clients also wish to leave assets to friends or charities on death. This can only be achieved by writing a will as friends and charities are not on the list of those who could automatically inherit. Standard Life’s research showed that 22% of people wanted to leave money to a charity in their will. Assets gifted to a charity are free of IHT. The popularity of leaving a bequest to a charity is also evident in HM Revenue & Customs’ own figures, which show that in 2005/6, just over 8,500 estates made some form of claim for the charity exemption.

Aside from creating the desired result for friends, charities and saving IHT, a will can also create a trust which is useful in many cases, not least where there is a family member with special needs. Those special needs could range from a physical or mental handicap to an addiction which could make a cash inheritance a bad idea. A trust can be used to hold property for the individual, to give them controlled access and payments, but without passing property ownership and control over to the individual. A trust can also be used to give an income to a surviving spouse, but again without passing control of the capital to that spouse. In the event of the surviving spouse re-marrying, control of the trust fund remains with the trustees of the deceased spouse, so that children of that marriage remain the beneficiaries in the long-term. This protects the children of the marriage from being disinherited should the assets instead all belong to the surviving spouse outright, who then re-marries and writes a new will.

Overall, there are numerous good reasons to leave a will and clients should be prompted into taking this important step before events intervene.

Investments in the pension wrapper now exceed £75bn, a growth of over 50% on 2007, figures from Suffolk Life suggest.

The firm links the growth in SIPP assets partly to a recovery of the FTSE in 2009.

John Moret, marketing director at Suffolk Life, says: “If the economic recovery proves sustainable it is possible that the value of the SIPP market will exceed £100bn by the end of 2010 with the SIPP rapidly becoming the only form of individual private pension provision.”

SIPPs remain a popular choice for investors despite a new pensions tax regime for high earners, rumours of other tax changes and an added regulatory burden with the FSA’s focus on suitability of advice and SIPP operational issues, says Moret.

“In 2009 some new SIPP providers have joined the market with continued interest in workplace SIPPs and growing attention on the at and post retirement market where SIPPs are a key solution for many investors and their advisers,” he says.

While an increase in mass market SIPPs has led the recent growth, Moret estimates the bespoke end of the market still dominates in terms of assets.

The FSA confirmed the penalty, the first major fine of 2010, signals its intentions to clamp down on regulatory breaches.

The fund became controversial in January 2009, when Standard Life made a shock 5% decrease in its valuation.

Regulators says the firm misled customers, as the product was initially sold as a ‘safe’ cash fund, despite being linked to risky mortgage-backed securities (MBS).

The FSA believes systems and controls failings were responsible for the production of the misleading marketing material.

Standard Life also failed to perform a prompt and full investigation of its marketing material when concerns were raised.

The FSA acknowledged Standard Life’s pro-active attempts to compensate investors, including paying £102.7m into the fund to restore its original unit price values, and its use of a third party to advice on the necessary changes to its systems and controls.

Margaret Cole, director of enforcement and financial crime at the FSA, says: “The FSA takes the issue of misleading financial promotions very seriously and the fine announced today demonstrates our commitment to the principle of credible deterrence.

“It is critical that consumers are given an accurate understanding of the nature of investment products and the risks involved. Without this information, consumers are unable to make informed decisions about whether investments are suitable for their individual investment strategy.”

A Standard Life spokesman adds: “As a Company, we have learned important lessons from this mistake and have made significant improvements to our marketing literature processes to prevent the same thing happening again.”

The FSA says it will be taking a tough stance on financial promotions and marketing material in 2010.

By 8.22am, the FTSE had climbed almost 43 points, or 0.78%, to 5,462.42.

China is poised to overtake Japan as the world’s second largest economy after posting 10.7% growth in Q4.

A statistics bureau report showed the nation’s GDP surged in the final quarter of last year and says China’s economy grew 8.7% in 2009 as a whole – to $4.9trn.

Miners were among the early winners on the FTSE, reversing at least some of the losses felt yesterday. Lonmin rose 38p, or 2%, to £19.18, while Antofagasta advanced 17.5p, or 1.79%, to 994.5p.

Yesterday, miners constituted the top 10 fallers on the FTSE amid concerns surrounding Chinese efforts to curb lending, potentially leading to a drop in metals demand.

United Utilities, the UK’s largest listed water company, led the early gainers, rising 20p, or almost 4%, to 528.5p.

There were minimal losses for Morrison and Carnival while Standard Life, fined £2.45m by the FSA yesterday for misleading investors over its Pension Sterling fund, slipped 0.19% to 205.6p

Asian markets were mixed but Japanese stocks rose for the first day this week, boosted by electrical manufacturers. The Nikkei 225 Stock Average advanced 1.2% to 10,868.41 at close, reversing an earlier 0.8% fall.

The Dow Jones industrial average fell 122 points, or 1.14%, Wednesday from a 15-month high but ended well off its lows for the day. The index closed at 10,603

Gross mortgage lending reached an estimated £13.7bn last month which is an increase of 14% from November’s figure of £12.1bn and up 3% on December 2008.

Lending totalled £39.1bn in the fourth quarter, up slightly from £39bn in Q3, but a fall of 14% on the last three months of 2008.

These figures represent the first time the annual monthly comparison has been in positive territory since October 2007. However, apart from 2008, it is still the lowest figure for December since 2001.

With a normal fall of 6%, between the third and fourth quarter, the month’s figures defy seasonal trends.

“The December figure is surprisingly strong as there is typically a slight decline in the month,” CML economist Paul Samter says. “Evidence suggests the rise was down to a surge in house purchase completions – as remortgaging still remains exceptionally weak.

“The most likely cause is that buyers of cheaper property wanted to complete their transactions prior to the year end to beat the end of the stamp duty holiday.”

The healthy data comes, however, as Skipton Building Society announced it will raise its standard variable rate from 3.5% to 4.95% on 1 March 2010.

According to Brian Murphy, head of lending at Mortgage Advice Bureau, this could be just the beginning.

“What concerns me is that many borrowers are banking on rates staying put for at least another year,” he says.

“But developments such as this week’s higher than expected inflation figures and lower than expected unemployment figures could possibly see rates rise sooner rather than later.”

The (ONS) Office for National Statistics public borrowing figures show a budget deficit for April-December 2009 of £120bn, compared to £64bn in the same period this time last year.

However, the latest monthly borrowing figure of £15.7bn for December was lower than expected.

Taking into account the effect of the VAT rise and the improving trend in the economy and in City incomes, the figures suggests a total budget deficit for 2009/10 in line with the Treasury’s £178bn forecast, according to PwC’s John Hawksworth.

“Theses figures issued today confirm other indications the economy is beginning to recover and that tax revenues have begun to stabilise.

“Receipts in the last 3 months of the financial year should be boosted both by the rise in VAT to 17.5% from 1 January 2010 and by tax payments on City bonuses that are likely to be higher than last year,” he says.

He forecasts further tax rises and real spending cuts once the recovery is secure, over and above what has already been announced, to tackle the large structural deficit.

Paragon Mortgages’ Trends research revealed that mortgage finance will remain  huge issue for residential property investors in 2010, as landlords reported that it was more difficult to secure mortgage finance during last quarter of 2009 than in the third quarter.

Almost two-thirds of those that applied for a mortgage for portfolio expansion or remortgaging purposes said that it was even more difficult to secure a mortgage in Q4 2009 than Q3.

For those looking to purchase, terraced housing is by far the most popular choice of property. Nearly two thirds said that they would look to purchase a terraced property, followed by semi-detached houses, flats and lastly, detached properties at.

John Heron, managing director of Paragon Mortgages, feels landlords were looking to expand their portfolios because of strong tenant demand and soft house prices which presented the opportunity for bargains.

He added: “However, investors continue to be frustrated by a lack of choice and competition in the buy-to-let mortgage market, which is dominated by just two lenders.

“Most lenders who provide funding in the buy to let market,  currently active in the market employ aggregate or maximum lending levels, placing a ceiling on the number of properties they will lend against, which makes it difficult for experienced landlords to expand  their portfolios because they are usually already at those lending levels.”

Research from C.D Howe Institute showed that a fair-value bookkeeping approach to evaluating the costs of Canada’s civil service, military and police pensions exposes the potential of a black hole in Ottawa’s defined benefit coffers.

The research argues that understating the cost of net pension obligations means that the national finances are possibly much weaker than thought and that surpluses over the years should in fact have been deficits.

Government balance sheets showed net obligations of C$139.9bn as of last March, versus C$197.7bn calculated using the fair-value approach.

The institute said the government’s figure was achieved by smoothing values for assets based on expected returns and using discount rates that are higher than those available on low-risk investments at the valuation date to calculate liabilities.

“This method makes obligations look smaller than their true value, as measured by what it would actually cost to buy participants out, or offload the obligations to an insurer,” said C.D. Howe president and chief executive William B.P. Robson.

This financial crisis has sounded the deathknell of the DB scheme in the private sector as a change in reporting standards has forced companies to acknowledge their promises are less secure and their costs to cover participants greater.

But so far that perception of riskiness and expense has not, affected the public sector in the same way because of the greater reporting freedom they enjoy even though the exposure of taxpayers, who ultimately underwrite the schemes, creates a further layer of accountability.

“Experience in steel, cars, telecoms and other mature industries has shown how underestimating the cost and volatility of DB obligations can lead plans to run accumulated deficits greater than their sponsors can cover, leaving pensioners short and/or taxpayers dealing with picking up the pieces,” said Robson.

“We need to get a better handle on public-sector pensions before similar accidents happen on a more colossal scale,” he added.

Northern Rock plc will be a savings and mortgage bank that will offer new savings accounts and lend new mortgages, as well as service all existing customer savings accounts.

Northern Rock (Asset Management) plc will hold and service the majority of the existing mortgages (worth around £50bn), all unsecured loan accounts, the Government loan and the Company’s outstanding wholesale funding and subordinated debt as at the Transfer Date.

The majority of mortgage accounts will remain in the existing company, Northern Rock (Asset Management) plc, and a proportion of mortgage accounts will be transferred to the new bank, Northern Rock plc. Retail deposits will continue to be guaranteed in the new bank following the restructure.

At the Transfer Date, it is expects over 90% of the mortgages held by Northern Rock (Asset Management) plc will be fully performing and not in arrears. The portfolio will include the Company’s residual interest in those mortgages which have been sold to the Granite securitisation programme and the Northern Rock covered bond programme.

As part of the restructure, the Government loan will increase by approximately £8bn to provide cash to be transferred to the new bank to support its retail deposit book and new lending activity.

The European Commission confirmed on 28 October it had approved the restructuring plan for Northern Rock and the lender is continuing to work closely with the FSA to gain the necessary regulatory approvals for the two companies.

The Government wholesale guarantees for Northern Rock (Asset Management) plc, will remain in place following completion of the restructure. Any decision to release this guarantee is subject to a minimum notice period of three months and fixed term accounts will retain the guarantee for the term of the product.

Gary Hoffman, chief executive of Northern Rock, says the firm wants to make it a seamless process for its customers

He adds: “We will be writing to them in early January confirming which company holds their account – but we have already confirmed that all savings accounts will be in the new bank. I am pleased with the progress to date and all of the hard work colleagues are doing behind the scenes to ensure this is a smooth process for customers.”

Read about pension tax relief restrictions and a tax rise for those earning over £20,000.

Speech In Full

“Mr Speaker, today’s Pre-Budget Report takes place at a critical time for our economy and for our country.

Governments across the world have taken co-ordinated steps to deal with the biggest financial crisis for over half a century.

In the UK, our action has reduced the impact of this downturn on families and businesses.

But there is still uncertainty.

So the task today is to secure the recovery and promote long-term growth.

To promote growth, we need to invest in the dynamic sectors of the future – in digital, bio and low-carbon technology.

I will announce measures that will support these industries.

To promote growth, we also need to invest in the skills of young people to prevent a lost generation of youth unemployment.

I will announce measures to guarantee work opportunities for the young.

And to promote growth we need as well to maintain support until the recovery is secured and to halve the deficit over four years, in an orderly way, which does not threaten the investment vital for our future.

The choices are between going for growth or putting the recovery at risk.

To reduce the deficit while protecting front-line services or cuts which put these services in danger.

Choices between two competing visions.

This Pre-Budget Report is about building a fairer society and securing opportunity for all.

Mr Speaker, when I delivered the Pre-Budget Report just over 12 months ago, we were faced with the sharpest and most widespread global downturn in generations.

The near collapse of the financial system quickly fed through into the wider global economy.

World trade went down sharply. Unemployment sharply up across the world.

Families and businesses in every continent felt the pain.

Governments around the world intervened to rescue the banking system.

We supported our economies, with tax cuts, increased government spending and co-ordinated action to lower interest rates and to boost money supply.

None were easy choices. Some even argued that we should not have acted.

But as a result of these actions, there is growing evidence that global confidence is returning.

The US housing market, which triggered the crisis, is stabilising. So is the housing market here.

Global manufacturing is up almost 6 per cent. World stock markets by 30 per cent.

Mr Speaker, as the world’s largest financial centre, the turmoil in the banking sector has had a substantial effect on the UK.

With more homeowners than in Europe, a global slump in property prices hit confidence hard in this country.

As the sixth biggest exporter of goods and second largest exporter of services, our trade has been hit.

But as demand picks up abroad – as is already happening – British businesses will benefit.

So I am confident that the UK economy will start growing by the turn of the year.

However, Mr Speaker, across the world, there remain risks to the recovery.

Oil prices are volatile.

Recent market reaction to financial problems in Dubai highlights just how fragile world confidence remains.

So while I am confident that the UK economy is on the road to recovery, we can’t be complacent.

And we must continue to support the economy until recovery is established.

To cut support now could wreck the recovery – that’s a risk I am not prepared to take.

Mr Speaker, this time last year we recognised the exceptional trading difficulties that business was facing.

In the past, inaction by government to support firms led to widespread – and avoidable – business failure.

I was determined that we didn’t repeat this mistake.

In an unprecedented move, I cut VAT to 15 per cent for a year to put over £11bn into the pockets of consumers and retailers.

This countered the impact on businesses of the global credit squeeze and the collapse in consumer demand when it was needed most.

I can confirm that VAT will return to 17.5 per cent on January 1 as planned.

Mr Speaker, I have no other changes in VAT to announce.

To ease problems with cash-flow and access to bank lending, we deferred tax rises and extended tax allowances for businesses.

Because we chose to intervene, the rate of business insolvencies is far lower than would have been expected.

In the recession of the early 90s proportionally twice as many businesses went under.

Mr Speaker, while some measures such as the VAT cut, the Working Capital and Trade Credit Insurance Scheme are finishing, it is right to extend others while uncertainty remains.

The Time to Pay scheme has helped over 160,000 businesses spread their tax payments over a timetable they can afford.

They get additional time when they need it most – and, because firms continue trading, the likelihood of companies paying the tax owed increases.

So I have decided that the scheme will be extended for as long as is needed.

Last year, I temporarily increased the threshold for empty property relief to help small businesses.

I can announce it will be extended so that, for 2010-11, empty commercial properties with a rateable value below £18,000 will be exempt from business rates.

Seventy per cent of all empty properties will continue to be exempt.

I have one further announcement to help small businesses.

I have decided to defer the increase in corporation tax for smaller companies.

This will leave the 2010 tax rate unchanged for 850,000 small businesses – helping them until recovery is secured.

Mr Speaker, in the early 1990s, hundreds of thousands of families lost their homes. I did not want to see this repeated.

So we introduced a comprehensive range of measures to allow families to stay in their homes and to help young couples onto the housing ladder.

As a result, repossessions are now running at around half the rate of the recession of the early 90s.

By the time the stamp duty holiday finishes at the end of this month, I expect 240,000 homebuyers to have been helped.

But, with unemployment still likely to rise, it would not be right to withdraw all support now for homeowners.

Last year, I improved the Support for Mortgage Interest scheme to provide better cover for mortgage interest payments for those who had lost their jobs.

Over 220,000 people have been helped so far. I have decided this additional support will be extended for a further six months.

There will, of course, be a cost to this and other continued Government support.

But the cost to families of losing their home would be immense. And it would be a false economy for the country.

For the more successful these measures are in restoring confidence to the housing market, the lower the cost will be to the Exchequer.

Mr Speaker, the best way of avoiding repossessions is to help people stay in work or re-enter the labour market quickly.

Such a deep global recession was always going to have a damaging impact on employment.

The bleak news last week that Corus is to shut its Teesside plant underlined that the reduction in global demand will have an impact on jobs for some time to come.

That’s why yesterday I agreed, with the SoS for Business, to provide £30m from within existing resources to help industry in Teesside.

Again no Government, even during times of the strongest economic growth, can prevent every job loss.

Unemployment has risen in the UK and will keep rising for some time.

But it remains lower than in France, Canada, the United States and the euro area.

In fact, even now there are 2.5m more people in work than there were in 1997.

Because of our values of fairness and opportunity, promoting employment has always been – and remains – a top priority for this Government.

Unemployment can never be a price worth paying.

As the global recession hit our country, we responded by bringing forward investment in vital infrastructure projects to protect jobs – and finding an additional £3bn to help people find new work quicker.

We expanded the Job Centre Plus network and offered support through the Rapid Response Service to staff in 3,000 firms hit by redundancies.

Help including training, volunteering and recruitment subsidies has been offered for those still unemployed after six months.

Mr Speaker, it is clear that we are making a difference. Unemployment has increased much less than expected by independent forecasters.

If we had seen the same rate of job loss, relative to GDP, as we saw in the early 1990s, four times as many people would have lost their jobs.

Despite the severity of the global recession, the claimant count today stands at 1.6m compared to three million reached in 1985 and 1992.

Our comprehensive support means a short spell in unemployment is not turning into a lifetime on benefits, as happened in the recessions of the 1980s and 90s.

Indeed, over 3m people have been helped off the claimant count in the last year.

Despite this support, Mr Speaker, there are groups who need more help.

Past recessions have had a very damaging impact on young people, who should be starting their working lives, but instead were unemployed.

Our package of support for the young already includes a place for every 16 and 17 year-old in education or training.

I intend to provide funding so that this guarantee will be available to school-leavers again next September.

In the Budget I went further, and announced that every 18-24 year-old will be guaranteed work or training after 12 months out-of-work.

I don’t want them to have to wait that long, so I am bringing this forward.

I have decided that from next month no-one under-24 needs to be unemployed for longer than six months before being guaranteed work or training.

Mr Speaker, in the past, older people were allowed – indeed often encouraged – to drift into permanent unemployment.

We can’t afford to write off this experience.

So we will ensure the over-50s receive specialist and tailored support, to equip them with the confidence and skills needed to get a job.

We also want to encourage those who want to stay working part-time after they reach retirement age and make work pay for everyone, regardless of their age.

To make it easier for those over 65 to receive Working Tax Credit, we will reduce the minimum number of hours they need to work to be eligible.

Mr Speaker, we chose not to let people sink when they lost their jobs but to intervene to help them stay afloat.

This is good for the individuals, their families and also the wider economy, boosting spending and, in turn, creating new jobs.

The more successful our targeted support, the more likely that the rise in unemployment will be lower than expected and therefore cost the country less – as has already happened.

Government action has made a real difference.

Mr Speaker, the worldwide recession has had an impact on all families.

And it is often the most vulnerable who are affected most, including those on modest incomes who have been put on shorter hours.

The Government’s flexible tax credits system has risen to the challenge of the downturn, delivering substantial support to families to compensate for this loss of pay.

So far this year, because of tax credits 400,000 families whose income has fallen have benefited from this extra help – on average £37 more per week.

For those who doubt the value of tax credits, here is the proof that they work.

The recession has also had other effects – for the first time in half a century, the Retail Prices Index has been negative for much of this year.

This helps families with the cost of essential goods. But many benefits and tax credits are also linked to the September RPI.

RPI inflation last September was minus 1.4 per cent. This would have meant no increase in these benefits in April.

I do not believe that such a freeze would be fair.

So I can confirm the basic state pension will not be frozen, but will rise by 2.5per cent in April – a real terms increase of nearly 4 per cent.

I can also tell the House that, from the Budget, I will cut bingo duty from 22 to 20 per cent.

I also want to help families receiving other benefits linked to the inflation figures – such as child benefit and some disability benefits.

These benefits will rise by 1.5 per cent in April.

Mr Speaker, we are committed to helping people back into work, and making work pay.

I have decided to roll-out across the country a guarantee, that anyone in work will always be better off than they were on benefits.

If this is not already the case, they will be guaranteed extra money from the Government.

Making sure that work really does pay for everyone and encouraging more people to re-enter the labour market.

So, Mr Speaker, we are continuing to provide targeted support for people and businesses, as we secure the recovery.

Mr Speaker, across world economies, the first half of this year saw a sharper deterioration than had been expected. This is also true here in the UK.

Up to the third quarter of this year, the global recession has meant a cumulative economic contraction of:

* 3.2 per cent in the US;
* 5.6 per cent in Germany;
* 5.9 per cent in Italy;
* And 7.7 per cent in Japan.

Over the year as a whole, the UK economy is expected to have contracted by 4.75 per cent this year.

But as I forecast at the Budget, I expect a return to growth in the fourth quarter.

Next year , I forecast growth of between 1 and 1.5 per cent – as I said at the Budget.

Because of the underlying strength of our economy, the pick-up in world demand, and the substantial spare capacity opened up by the recession, my Budget forecast, broadly in line with the Bank of England, of growth of 3.5 percent in 2011 and 2012 remains unchanged.

But this growth will come from more varied sources and not depend as much on the financial sector which will, of course, remain an important part of our economy.

Growth will be driven by fresh opportunities to export as the global economy expands and by investment by business in the key industries of the future.

It is growth which I am determined to support in this Pre-Budget Report.

Mr Speaker, partly because of the reversal of the VAT cut, consumer inflation will rise from 1 ½ per cent to around 3 per cent early next year, before falling back.

The Bank of England expects inflation to then fall below target and reach 1 ½ per cent by the end of next year.

Mr Speaker, the global recession has had an impact on the public finances in every country, with tax revenues falling and spending increasing to support the economy.

Here in the UK, the financial sector, which provided over a quarter of all corporate tax revenues, has been hard hit.

Revenues from stamp duty and income tax are sharply down. And it will take time for tax revenues to recover.

Mr Speaker, our steps to maintain stability in the banking sector have also had an impact on the public finances.

At the Budget, given the extreme uncertainty at the time, I made a provisional £50bn estimate of possible taxpayer losses from our interventions in the financial sector.

These risks have now significantly diminished, because of the successful intervention of governments to support the global financial system.

Lloyds Banking Group, for example, has been able to raise capital from the markets and is not receiving Government support in the Asset Protection Scheme.

We have also restructured RBS’s participation in this scheme, so that there are no expected losses for the taxpayer.

Other banks are also in a much more stable situation.

As a result, I can revise down my provision for any potential impact on the public finances from £50bn to around £10bn.

But our objective remains to get all the taxpayers’ money back, on top of the fees charged for supporting banks through this crisis.

Mr Speaker, I have been clear that support during the downturn must go hand-in-hand with steps to rebuild our fiscal strength once recovery is firmly established.

Backed by legislation introduced today, the Government will ensure:

public sector net borrowing, as a share of GDP, falls every year and is more than halved by 2013-14;

and net debt, as a share of GDP, is falling in 2015-16.

I believe this is a sensible timetable.

To consolidate too soon, too quickly or too indiscriminately, as some have proposed, risks delaying the recovery and threatening a longer recession.

When Japan tightened prematurely in the 1990s it pushed the economy back into recession, making debt and deficits much higher, not lower.

Mr Speaker, taken together, this Pre-Budget report secures a fall in borrowing each year until 2013-14, to meet our deficit reduction plan.

At the Budget, I forecast that public sector net borrowing would be £175bn this year and fall to £97bn in 2013-14.

Because of the severity of the recession my forecast for borrowing this year is £178bn.

Next year it will fall to £176bn.

And, as the economy recovers and the deficit reduction plan starts to take effect, then falls to:

* £140bn;
* £117bn;
* and reaches £96bn in 2013-14, slightly lower than I forecast in April;
* before falling to £82bn in 2014-15.

As a share of GDP, borrowing will be:

* 12.6 per cent this year,
* 12 per cent next,
* then 9.1 per cent,
* 7.1 per cent,
* 5.5 per cent in 2013-14,
* and falls to 4.4 per cent in 2014-15.

Excluding public sector investment, or capital spending, and taking into account the economic cycle, the budget deficit is expected to fall to 1.9 per cent by the end of the forecast period.

Mr Speaker, public sector debt has increased in every G20 country as a result of this global recession.

Net debt as a share of GDP is expected to reach 82 per cent in Germany, 83 per cent in France and 85 per cent in the United States.

As a result of the lower provision for possible losses on our financial sector interventions, I can forecast net debt will reach 56 per cent of GDP this year.

It will then increase to 65 per cent next year and 78 per cent by the end of the forecast period in 2014-15.

Net debt, as a share of GDP, will begin to fall the year after that.

Even at its peak, debt will be in line with the average for the other G7 economies.

Mr Speaker, I believe we have made the right choices to help the country through the recession when we could have chosen to do nothing.

We also need to make the right choices to reduce the deficit.

At the Budget I set out how we would do this, by encouraging growth now and in the future, with fair tax increases, and with tighter control of public spending.

I now want to set out further details of how we will achieve this deficit reduction plan.

The combination of the talents of the British people and today’s low inflation and low interest rate environment provides us with a strong platform to meet our ambition of long-term sustainable growth.

So, too, does having the most flexible labour market in Europe, the lowest rate of corporation tax in the G7 and a competition regime among the best in the world.

It is why we are judged as one of the best locations to do business and attract inward investment.

I am determined to build on these strengths today by:

* maintaining our leadership in the low-carbon sector;
* boosting investment in our national infrastructure and skills;
* supporting our world-class hi-tech industries.

In line with this Pre-Budget Report being neutral overall, two thirds of the targeted measures that I will now announce come from within existing budgets.

Mr Speaker, for businesses to expand and grow, they need access to credit.

Following intervention by the Government, total bank loans to businesses today are above where they were when the crisis hit in 2007.

We have seen over £50bn in new business loans from RBS and Lloyds alone.

But unsurprisingly, at the same time, other businesses have reacted to the uncertainty by repaying existing loans.

Which is why net lending as a whole is down.

I am very aware that some small and medium businesses still encounter difficulties getting loans.

As recovery gets underway, we need to ensure that SMEs get the credit they need, and we are working with the banks to make sure that happens.

We are also working to secure a contribution from the major banks towards a £500m Growth Capital Fund, which will invest specifically in small business. We will announce further details shortly.

Mr Speaker, in January we launched the Enterprise Finance Guarantee which has already offered government guarantees on bank loans to over 6,000 businesses.

Today I have decided to extend this scheme for a further 12 months which will guarantee a further £500m of loans to small businesses.

Mr Speaker, this week sees the start of the UN Conference on Climate Change, a historic opportunity for a universal agreement to tackle global warming.

We can be proud that the UK has led the way – on meeting the Kyoto targets, introducing carbon budgets, and recognising too that developing countries need help to reduce their own emissions.

Mr Speaker, tackling climate change will bring new opportunities for new low-carbon industries.

This will create the high-skilled, high-paid jobs crucial to our future prosperity.

Today I can redirect existing funding, and invest in wind power, renewable energy and other green industries.

Through the Innovation Investment Fund and the Carbon Trust’s Venture Capital scheme, we will support at least £160m of public and private investment in low carbon projects.

We will also invest £90m in the European Investment Bank’s new 2020 fund, which will enable 6.5bn euros of finance for green infrastructure projects.

In addition, I can tell the House today that we will double our commitment and finance four Carbon Capture and Storage demonstration projects, to make us world-leaders in this vital area.

Mr Speaker, as well as investing in clean and low-carbon technologies, we must become more energy efficient, to cut emissions as well as household bills.

The roll-out of smart meters, which will be completed by 2020, will help families identify how to become energy efficient.

Improving home insulation is key. A quarter of all the country’s emissions come from households.

Already 235,000 homes have benefited from the Warm Front scheme for more efficient heating and insulation for the most vulnerable.

Today I can announce an additional £200m, from April, to help with energy efficiency.

An extra 75,000 households will benefit from an extension of the Warm Front scheme.

This will go alongside further requirements from the energy companies, up to £300m overall, to provide discounts on energy bills to another 1m low-income households.

Mr Speaker, each inefficient boiler adds over £200 to household bills and one tonne of carbon to the atmosphere a year.

Building on our successful car scrappage scheme, I will help up to 125,000 homes replace the most inefficient boilers with new models.

I can also announce changes to the climate change levy, company car tax, and fuel benefit charge.

I have three more targeted measures to announce.

From April, people with a home wind turbine or solar panels who plug their excess power into the national grid, will receive on average £900 a year.

I intend to make this payment tax free.

To help boost the number of electric cars on our streets, I have decided to exempt them from company car tax for 5 years.

And I can also announce a one hundred per cent first year capital allowance for electric vans.

Mr Speaker, a key component of our growth strategy is investment to keep goods and people moving.

This Government has made huge strides in rebuilding the national infrastructure following years of neglect.

Continued public investment here is essential to growth.

This year public sector investment reached a 30-year high and has delivered over 70 road and motorway schemes, and improved journey times across the rail network.

Work is now underway on Crossrail, the Thameslink project, and from this month, the upgrade of the M1. All this work will continue.

So will the rail electrification programmes for the Great Western Main Line and the North West announced in July.

I can tell the House today that I have also given the go-ahead to further plans for rail electrification between Liverpool, Manchester and Preston. The SoS for Transport will announce further details shortly.

The Government will respond, as well, early next year to proposals for a new high speed rail line from London to West Midlands and to the North and Scotland.

Mr Speaker, since 1997 we have helped millions gain qualifications or training. Apprenticeships have trebled.

New advanced apprenticeships will meet the skills needed in key growth sectors such as advanced manufacturing, low carbon, digital technologies, and biosciences.

We also want to break down informal barriers which close off some careers to undergraduates from poorer backgrounds.

I can announce we will offer financial support for up to 10,000 undergraduates from low-income backgrounds to take up short internships in industry, business and the professions.

This will give them a taste of careers which they may not otherwise have considered – and further details will be announced shortly.

Mr Speaker, we are modernising the UK’s digital infrastructure and, in the process, creating thousands more skilled jobs.

We have provided funding to help extend the opportunities of the broadband network to more remote communities.

We now want to go further, so we can provide the next generation of super-fast broadband to 90 per cent of the population by the end of 2017.

This will be funded through a duty of 50 pence a month on landlines which will be included in the Finance Bill.

Mr Speaker, the oil and gas industry are an essential part of the economy.

To encourage further investment, I am today relaxing the criteria of the field allowance, to support the development of up to eight known fields, and encourage further exploration.

And we will work with industry to look at how best to ensure the development of infrastructure to the west of Shetland.

Mr Speaker, we already have a tremendous track record in key growth industries.

We have the leading medical biotechnology sector in Europe.

Our aerospace industry is the second largest in the world.

Our creative sector have increased exports by 60 per cent since 2000.

All supported through our investment in science and targeted tax policy.

Mr Speaker, this country has a remarkable record of ideas and innovation.

We’ve won more Nobel prizes than any country of our size.

We need to do more to support this ingenuity and ensure this creativity is harnessed in this country.

I want to encourage research and development in the pharmaceuticals and biotech industries.

So, following consultation with business, I will introduce a 10 per cent corporation tax rate on income which stems from patents in the UK.

This will help maintain jobs in science and technology in this country.

I also want to build on our world-class achievements in the field of medical research.

With the Wellcome Trust, Cancer Research UK and University College London, we are working on plans to establish the largest institute in Europe for research into long-term medical challenges.

Mr Speaker, the new Strategic Investment Fund, set up in April, has already agreed vital support to hi-tech projects such as Airbus in Wales and life sciences in Scotland.

We will expand this work, through £100m redirected funds and an extra £100m.

By supporting the low-carbon sector, investing in our vital infrastructure and our world class industries, we will secure growth, create new jobs and provide the revenue to help rebuild our fiscal strength.

Mr Speaker, supporting growth is vital to provide the future revenue to halve borrowing over four years.

But, as I have said, it also requires us to take tough decisions on tax now.

I am determined that any tax increases will continue to be guided by our values of fairness and responsibility.

Mr Speaker, the banks last year made collective losses of £80bn in this country alone.

This would have been much higher without the unprecedented level of support from the taxpayer.

There is no bank which has not benefited, either directly or indirectly, from this help.

This should be a time for banks to rebuild their capital base and become stronger.

A tax on profits, as has been suggested, will prevent them from doing this.

So I have decided against a windfall tax.

However, there are some banks who still believe their priority is to pay substantial bonuses to their already high-paid staff.

Their priority should be to rebuild their financial strength and increase their lending.

So I am giving them a choice.

They can use their profits to build up their capital base.

But if they insist on paying substantial rewards, I am determined to claw money back for the taxpayer.

I have decided to introduce from today a special one-off levy of 50 per cent on any individual discretionary bonus above £25,000.

This will be paid by the bank not the bank employee. Anti-avoidance measures will be introduced with immediate effect.

High-paid bank staff will of course also have to pay, as usual, income tax at their top rate on any bonus they receive.

On a cautious assumption, which includes our expectation that some banks will rein back bonuses, this one-off levy is expected to yield £550m.

This additional money will be used to pay for the extra measures, already announced, like help for the young and older unemployed to get back into work.

Mr Speaker, under the existing rules, the highest earners benefit disproportionately. from tax relief on pensions.

At the moment, a quarter of all the money spent on pensions tax relief goes to the top 1 ½ per cent of earners.

To help to make this fairer, I announced in the Budget that we would reduce pension tax relief for people with incomes over £150,000.

I want do this as fairly as possible, and treat individuals the same regardless of whether they receive their pay as current salary or as a future pension benefit, and prevent avoidance.

So I have decided to include employer pension contributions in the definition of income for this tax measure.

To provide certainty, I will introduce a floor, so that irrespective of the size of employer pension contributions, no one with an income below £130,000 will be affected.

Mr Speaker, I believe it is right that parents should be able to pass on savings to their children.

Before the financial crisis rocked the global economy, I enabled married couples to combine their inheritance tax allowances. And this will continue.

I also said that allowances would rise to reflect inflation and the expected continued increase in house prices.

But I do not believe that raising this allowance can be a priority, given the impact of the downturn on the country’s finances.

So I have decided to freeze the individual allowance at £325,000 for the next year.

This will still mean that fewer than 3 per cent of estates will pay inheritance tax.

Mr Speaker, I have decided against any further changes to income tax rates or thresholds next year, except for some changes in what can be tax-deductible.

Because RPI inflation was negative in September, this will provide a real terms benefit relative to inflation.

But in April 2012 I have decided to freeze the point at which people start paying income tax at 40 per cent for one year.

No-one with income below £43,000 will be affected by this change.

It’s also fair that those who should pay tax don’t escape their responsibilities.

I am determined to tackle activities, such as avoidance and evasion, which undermine tax receipts.

Since the Budget, HMRC has asked for details of at least 100,000 offshore accounts held at over 300 financial institutions.

This Pre-Budget Report sets out anti-avoidance and smaller tax measures to deliver additional revenues, and protect £5bn a year of existing revenues.

These are tough, but necessary, measures to increase tax.

But I have done it in a fair way.

Those on modest incomes are protected.

Those on middle incomes will pay more depending on their earnings.

The biggest burden will fall on those with the broadest shoulders.

Today’s measures, combined with those from the Budget and last year’s Pre-Budget Report, mean over half of the additional revenue raised will be paid by the top 2 per cent of earners.

Mr Speaker, fairness in tax is a crucial part of maintaining fiscal sustainability.

But the majority of the reduction in borrowing will have to come from slower growth in overall public spending.

We have already set out our spending plans until April 2011.

It would be dangerous, as the head of the IMF said only a couple of weeks ago, to reduce spending too soon.

So, to continue to support jobs and the economy, we have decided to stick to our spending plans for next year.

In 2010-11 total public spending will increase by £31bn, a growth rate of 2.2 per cent in real terms, providing continuing strong support for the wider economy until the recovery is firmly established.

But once the recovery is secured, we must, as I made clear at the time of the Budget, reduce the rate of growth in public spending, and meet our ambitious target to halve the deficit.

Mr Speaker, we take these decisions from a position of strength.

In 1997 our public services were in crisis.

Chronic under-investment in health and education had taken its toll.

Hospitals with too few nurses and doctors to meet the needs of patients.

Schools with too few teachers, textbooks and computers.

The country had failed too to invest in transport and vital national infrastructure.

All damaging to our economy and prosperity.

We have worked hard to turn this round – through a combination of strong investment and far-reaching reform.

So while the period ahead is going to be challenging, our public services are in a better state they have been for decades.

But we have to be realistic – the spending environment will be tough over the next few years.

As long as extraordinary uncertainties remain in the world economy, this is not a time for a spending review.

We have already set out clear and firm departmental budgets for the next financial year, but to try and fix each department’s budget now, for the next 5 years, is neither necessary or sensible.

But we can set out a clear direction, based on our economic priorities and our values as a Government.

We are clear that, following the investments made over the last decade, current spending growth can be set lower than in the past, and fall to an average of 0.8 per cent a year between 2011-12 and 2014-15.

That will mean cuts to some budgets, as programmes come to an end or resources are switched to new priorities. And some programmes will need to be stopped altogether.

And we believe that, if departments can find further savings and cuts within their existing budgets, as many are already announcing, this will release resources so they can continue to improve services.

Already individual departments have made great strides in finding savings – £10bn in the NHS, £800m in education, over £400m in the police.

But, even in this much tighter financial environment, we are determined to protect frontline services and sustain the improvements that have been delivered over the past decade.

The Pre-Budget Report sets out our plan to do this while halving the deficit.

Mr Speaker, first, we must make sure that we get maximum value for every pound we spend.

Between 2005 and 2008, we delivered £26.5bn of annual efficiency savings – more than we promised.

And between 2008 and 2011, we are delivering further efficiencies worth over 3 per cent of total department spending per year.

This week, we announced our plans to deliver another round of savings, amounting to £12bn a year by 2013-14.

Abolishing quangos, cutting consultancy and marketing costs, improving procurement and streamlining back-office functions.

And we will sell those assets that can be managed better by the private sector.

Second, we need to focus better on those areas that make most difference to people’s lives.

We have begun a root and branch review to examine every area of government spending to drive through efficiency, cut waste and cut lower priority budgets.

Today I am able to announce £5bn of savings from spending programmes, including:

Phasing-in the roll-out of pension personal accounts;

Cutting back on the scope of major IT projects;

Reforming legal aid and outsourcing inefficient prisons;

Refocusing regeneration spending so it is spent where it is needed most;

Cutting the cost of residential care by supporting older people to stay in their homes.

Tough choices, but necessary choices.

Third, public sector pay and pensions.

Public pensions need to be broadly in line with those offered in the private sector.

So by 2012 contributions by the state to public service pensions for teachers, local government, NHS and the civil service will be capped – saving around £1bn a year.

Public sector workers will make a greater contribution to the increasing value of pensions, with those earning over £100,000 paying more.

Public sector pay makes up around half of departmental spending.

The senior civil service will take the lead with a cut in its pay bill of up to £100m over 3 years.

And any new Government appointment over £150,000 and all bonuses over £50,000 will require explicit approval by the Treasury.

I can announce that, for the two years from 2011, we will seek to ensure that all public sector pay settlements be capped at 1 per cent.

As with previous pay decisions, we will recognise the special circumstances of the armed forces.

Mr Speaker, £12bn from greater efficiency, £5bn from scaling back or cutting lower priorities, and £4.5bn from reducing the cost of public sector pay and pensions.

These are tough choices, but they are essential if we are to stick to our plan to halve the deficit and protect the frontline.

Mr Speaker, our first priority must be to make sure our armed forces have all the resources they need.

The whole House will want to join me in praising the dedication and valour of our troops, especially those engaged in the conflict in Afghanistan.

They deserve all our support and we must match that support with resources.

For next year, I can announce that a further £2.5bn will be set aside for military operations in Afghanistan.

At the same time, we will continue to improve the effectiveness of core defence spending, reducing the civilian workforce and restructuring the department.

I also want to do more to help those who have served in combat zones and are retiring from the forces.

I can announce that we will allocate £5m from the expanded Strategic Investment Fund to help ex-service personnel who want to set up their own business.

Mr Speaker, in 2005, we led the way towards abolishing the debts of the poorest countries.

And we have committed to doing more in the fight against global poverty.

Spending on overseas aid remains a very small proportion of our overall budget.

But it makes a huge difference to the lives of millions of people as well as creating a fairer world, helping build markets for our goods and countering extremism.

I can confirm that we will honour our commitments – so spending on overseas aid will rise to reach 0.7 per cent of Gross National Income by 2013.

Mr Speaker, our top priority is to protect those services which are absolutely essential to the health of our society and the strength of our economy:

the health service, crucial for our well-being.

Our police force, crucial for our safety.

And our schools, crucial for our future.

I am determined we will protect the improvements in these front-line services on which millions rely.

This cannot be done without a further difficult decision.

I intend to increase all employer, employee and self-employed rates of National Insurance by a further half a per cent from April 2011.

To protect those on modest incomes, I have also decided to raise the starting point from which national insurance is payable.

No-one earning under £20,000 will pay any more national insurance contributions as a result.

This will raise £3bn a year from 2011-12.

As a result, Mr Speaker, I am today able to offer guaranteed minimum real terms increases in spending on front-line NHS and schools for two years from 2011.

As well as providing sufficient funding to maintain the number of police and community support officers.

This means I can confirm not just that we will increase spending as planned next year, in hospitals, schools and policing.

But we can also pledge that spending on these crucial front-line services will continue to rise, over and above inflation, after 2010-11, so that we can meet the improved public service guarantees and entitlements we have set out.

Mr Speaker, I have one further announcement to make.

Because of my decisions today, I am able to extend free school meals to half a million primary school children of low income working parents, who previously would not have been eligible.

Once fully rolled-out, this will lift up to an additional 50,000 children out of relative poverty, towards our target of abolishing child poverty by 2020.

Mr Speaker, the decisions this Government has made have helped support business and families through the deepest global recession for over 50 years.

Decisions which have been followed across the world, but opposed by some here.

The steps that I have announced today are aimed at securing recovery, reducing borrowing, and through targeted investment, providing a springboard for long-term growth.

The choice facing the country is between securing recovery or wrecking it.

Between investment to build a fair society where all prosper and a divided society that favours the wealthy few.

A choice between ambition driven by the values of fairness and opportunity, or austerity driven by an out-dated dogma.

I commend this statement to the House.